Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Pregnancy 

Author: Dr. Shruthi Kalagara, Obstetrician - Gynecologist 

What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)? 

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. UTIs are more common during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and the growing uterus putting pressure on the bladder. 

Why Are UTIs a Concern in Pregnancy? 

If left untreated, a UTI can lead to complications such as: 

• Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) 
• Preterm labor or low birth weight 
• High blood pressure or preeclampsia 

Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial to protect both mother and baby. 

Symptoms of a UTI in Pregnancy 

Mild UTI (Cystitis – bladder infection): 

• Frequent urination 
• Burning or pain while urinating 
• Cloudy, dark, or foul-smelling urine 
• Lower abdominal pain or discomfort 

Severe UTI (Pyelonephritis – kidney infection): 

• High fever, chills 
• Flank pain (pain in the back or side) 
• Nausea or vomiting 
• Severe fatigue or feeling unwell  

Causes and Risk Factors 

• Hormonal changes slow the flow of urine and reduce the bladder's ability to empty completely. 
• The growing uterus presses on the bladder, increasing the risk of urinary stasis. 
• Pre-existing conditions like diabetes or a history of UTIs. 
• Sexual activity during pregnancy.

Diagnosis 

Diagnosing a UTI is simple and safe during pregnancy: 

• Urine Analysis: Checks for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, or blood in the urine. 
• Urine Culture: Identifies the specific bacteria causing the infection. 

Treatment 

UTIs during pregnancy can be effectively treated with: 

1. Antibiotics: Safe antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, cephalexin, or nitrofurantoin) are prescribed to clear the infection. Always complete the full course of medication, even if symptoms improve. 
2. Hydration: Drink plenty of water to flush bacteria out of the urinary tract. 
3. Pain Relief: Acetaminophen may be recommended for pain or fever, under your doctor’s guidance. 

Prevention Tips 

• Stay Hydrated: Drink at least 8–10 glasses of water daily. 
• Practice Good Hygiene: Wipe from front to back after urination or bowel movements to prevent bacteria from spreading. 
• Empty Your Bladder Frequently: Avoid holding urine for long periods, especially after sexual activity. 
• Wear Breathable Clothing: Cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes help prevent bacterial growth. 
• Avoid Irritants: Steer clear of douches, harsh soaps, or scented products in the genital area. 

Complications to Watch For:

• Untreated UTI: May progress to a kidney infection, which can lead to high fever, chills, and back pain. 
• Preterm Labor: Severe infections can increase the risk of preterm contractions. 
• High Blood Pressure (Preeclampsia): Rarely, untreated infections can contribute to pregnancy complications like preeclampsia. 

When to Call Your Doctor:

Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience: 

• High fever, chills, or flank pain 
• Persistent nausea or vomiting 
• Severe pain or burning during urination 
• Blood in the urine 
• Contractions or abdominal pain 

FAQs:

1. Will a UTI harm my baby?
   If treated early, a UTI is unlikely to harm your baby. Untreated UTIs can lead to complications like preterm labor or low birth weight.  

2. Can I prevent a UTI during pregnancy?
   Yes, staying hydrated, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding irritants can reduce your risk. 

3. Are antibiotics safe during pregnancy?
   Yes, most antibiotics prescribed for UTIs are safe during pregnancy and will not harm your baby when used as directed. 

Conclusion 

UTIs are common during pregnancy, but with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, they can be managed effectively. Be proactive in seeking care if you notice symptoms, and follow preventive measures to reduce the risk of recurrence.